Judea or Judæa (from the Hebrew: יהודה, Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh "Tribe of Judah", Greek: Ιουδαία, Ioudaía; Latin: Iudaea) was the name of the aerial southern allotment of the celebrated Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Yisrael) from the 8th aeon BCE (Assyrian rule) to the 2nd aeon CE, back Roman Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina afterward the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt.
Saturday, 17 December 2011
Etymology
The name Judea is a Greek and Roman adjustment of the name "Judah", which originally amid the breadth of the Israelite association of that name and afterwards of the age-old Kingdom of Judah. It was the name in use in English throughout history until the Jordanian activity of the area.1 Judea was sometimes acclimated as the name for the absolute region, including genitalia above Jordan.2
Jordan renamed Judea and Samaria ad-difa’a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the "West Bank") afterwards its acquisition and activity of the breadth in 1948.1 "Yehuda" is the Hebrew appellation for this commune in avant-garde Israel.3
Jordan renamed Judea and Samaria ad-difa’a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the "West Bank") afterwards its acquisition and activity of the breadth in 1948.1 "Yehuda" is the Hebrew appellation for this commune in avant-garde Israel.3
Historical boundaries
The classical Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote: "In the banned of Samaria and Judea lies the apple Anuath, which is additionally alleged Borceos. This is the arctic abuttals of Judea. The southern genitalia of Judea, if they be abstinent lengthways, are belted by a apple abutting to the borders of Arabia; the Jews that abide there alarm it Jordan. However, its across is continued from the river Jordan to Joppa. The burghal Jerusalem is anchored in the actual middle; on which annual some have, with accuracy enough, alleged that burghal the Navel of the country. Nor absolutely is Judea bankrupt of such delights as appear from the sea, back its amphibian places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was beggared into eleven portions, of which the aristocratic burghal Jerusalem was the supreme, and presided over all the adjoining country, as the arch does over the body. As to the added cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the additional of those cities, and abutting to that Acrabatta, afterwards them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and afterwards them came Jamnia and Joppa, as authoritative over the adjoining people; and besides these there was the arena of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are additionally genitalia of the commonwealth of Agrippa. This last country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and alcove breadthways to the basin of Tiberias; and in breadth is continued from a apple alleged Arpha, as far as Julias. Its citizenry are a admixture of Jews and Syrians. And appropriately accept I, with all accessible brevity, declared the country of Judea, and those that lie annular about it."4The classical Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote: "In the banned of Samaria and Judea lies the apple Anuath, which is additionally alleged Borceos. This is the arctic abuttals of Judea. The southern genitalia of Judea, if they be abstinent lengthways, are belted by a apple abutting to the borders of Arabia; the Jews that abide there alarm it Jordan. However, its across is continued from the river Jordan to Joppa. The burghal Jerusalem is anchored in the actual middle; on which annual some have, with accuracy enough, alleged that burghal the Navel of the country. Nor absolutely is Judea bankrupt of such delights as appear from the sea, back its amphibian places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was beggared into eleven portions, of which the aristocratic burghal Jerusalem was the supreme, and presided over all the adjoining country, as the arch does over the body. As to the added cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the additional of those cities, and abutting to that Acrabatta, afterwards them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and afterwards them came Jamnia and Joppa, as authoritative over the adjoining people; and besides these there was the arena of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are additionally genitalia of the commonwealth of Agrippa. This last country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and alcove breadthways to the basin of Tiberias; and in breadth is continued from a apple alleged Arpha, as far as Julias. Its citizenry are a admixture of Jews and Syrians. And appropriately accept I, with all accessible brevity, declared the country of Judea, and those that lie annular about it."4
Geography
Judea is a aerial region, allotment of which is advised to be a desert. It varies abundantly in height, ascent to an distance of 1,020 m (3,346 ft) in the south at Mount Hebron, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, and bottomward to as abundant as 400 m (1,312 ft) beneath sea akin in the east of the region. It additionally varies in rainfall, starting with about 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills, ascent to 600 millimetres (24 in) about western Jerusalem (in axial Judea), falling aback to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and bottomward to about 100mm in the eastern parts, due to a rainshadow aftereffect (this is the Judean desert). The climate, accordingly, moves amid Mediterranean in the west and arid altitude in the east, with a band of steppe altitude in the middle. Major burghal areas in the arena accommodate Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Jericho and Hebron.5
Geographers bisect Judea into several audible regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean arid east of Jerusalem, which descends in a alternation of accomplish to the Dead Sea. The hills are audible for their anticline structure. In age-old times the hills were forested, and the Bible annal agronomics and sheep agriculture actuality accomplished in the area. Animals are still aching today, with shepherds affective them amid the low arena to the hilltops (which accept added rainfall) as summertime approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old bean terracing. The Jewish Defection adjoin the Romans concluded in the confusion of all-inclusive areas of the Judaean countryside.6
edit History
edit Early Iron Age
Main article: History of age-old Israel and Judah
By the Early Iron Age, about 1020 BCE, the Southern Levant came to be disqualified by the Commonwealth of Israel, and its successors, the Northern Commonwealth and the Commonwealth of Judah. The Northern Commonwealth was baffled into the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 720 BCE. The Commonwealth of Judah remained nominally independent, but paid accolade to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the aboriginal bisected of the 7th century, regaining its ability as the Assyrian Empire beneath afterwards 640, but afterwards 609 afresh fell beneath the amplitude of administrative rule, this time advantageous accolade at aboriginal to the Egyptians and afterwards 601 BCE to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, until 586 BCE, back it was assuredly baffled by Babylonia.
Judea is axial to abundant of the anecdotal of the Torah, with the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob said to accept been active at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
edit Persian and Hellenistic periods
The Babylonian Empire fell to the conquests of Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.7 Judea remained beneath Persian aphorism until the acquisition of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, eventually falling beneath the aphorism of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire until the defection of Judas Maccabeus resulted in the Hasmonean absolutism of Kings who disqualified in Judea for over a century.8
edit Roman conquest
Judea absent its ability to the Romans in the 1st aeon BCE, by acceptable aboriginal a accessory kingdom, afresh a province, of the Roman Empire. The Romans had affiliated themselves to the Maccabees and interfered afresh in 63 BCE, at the end of the Third Mithridatic War, back the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") backward abaft to accomplish the breadth defended for Rome. Queen Alexandra Salome had afresh died, and a civilian war bankrupt out amid her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. Pompeius adequate Hyrcanus but political aphorism anesthetized to the Herodian ancestors who disqualified as applicant kings. In 6 CE, Judea came beneath absolute Roman aphorism as the arena of Iudaea. Eventually, the Jews rose adjoin Roman aphorism in 66 CE in a defection that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE and abundant of the citizenry was dead or enslaved.9
edit Bar Kokhba revolt
The Jews rebelled afresh 70 years afterwards beneath the administration of Simon bar Kokhba and accustomed the aftermost Commonwealth of Israel, which lasted three years, afore the Romans managed to beat the arena for good, at a aerial amount in agreement of manpower and expense.
After the defeat of Bar Kokhba (132-135 CE) the Roman Emperor Hadrian was bent to clean out the character of Israel-Judah-Judea, and renamed it Philistina (Syria Palaestina, afterwards the age-old adversary of the Israelites; the Philistines). Until that time the breadth had been alleged "province of Judea" (Roman Judea) by the Romans.10 At the aforementioned time, he afflicted the name of the burghal of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans dead abounding Jews and awash abounding added into slavery; abounding Jews age-old into the Jewish diaspora, but there was never a complete Jewish abandonment of the area, and Jews accept been an important (and sometimes persecuted) boyhood in Judea back that time.11
edit Jewish resettlement
The abortion of the Bar Kokhba defection and the consecutive Roman acquisition abundantly beneath Jewish attendance in Judea. Back then, the Jewish citizenry of Judea has fluctuated greatly, with added Jews abutting and abrogation the age-old bounded citizenry over time.
Beginning in the backward 19th century, Jewish adjustment added aural the area of what is now Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, with Judea (or the area of the West Bank south of Jerusalem) alluring a growing cardinal of settlements and consistent in growing battle amid Muslim and Jewish association of the region. Today, abundant of Judea avalanche beneath the administration of the Palestinian Authority, and the attendance of Jewish settlers in now-Palestinian cities such as Hebron and the enactment of Jewish settlements (under Israeli jurisdiction) is advised controversial. Jewish settlers accept proposed establishing the State of Judea should Israel abjure from the West Bank.
Geographers bisect Judea into several audible regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean arid east of Jerusalem, which descends in a alternation of accomplish to the Dead Sea. The hills are audible for their anticline structure. In age-old times the hills were forested, and the Bible annal agronomics and sheep agriculture actuality accomplished in the area. Animals are still aching today, with shepherds affective them amid the low arena to the hilltops (which accept added rainfall) as summertime approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old bean terracing. The Jewish Defection adjoin the Romans concluded in the confusion of all-inclusive areas of the Judaean countryside.6
edit History
edit Early Iron Age
Main article: History of age-old Israel and Judah
By the Early Iron Age, about 1020 BCE, the Southern Levant came to be disqualified by the Commonwealth of Israel, and its successors, the Northern Commonwealth and the Commonwealth of Judah. The Northern Commonwealth was baffled into the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 720 BCE. The Commonwealth of Judah remained nominally independent, but paid accolade to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the aboriginal bisected of the 7th century, regaining its ability as the Assyrian Empire beneath afterwards 640, but afterwards 609 afresh fell beneath the amplitude of administrative rule, this time advantageous accolade at aboriginal to the Egyptians and afterwards 601 BCE to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, until 586 BCE, back it was assuredly baffled by Babylonia.
Judea is axial to abundant of the anecdotal of the Torah, with the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob said to accept been active at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
edit Persian and Hellenistic periods
The Babylonian Empire fell to the conquests of Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.7 Judea remained beneath Persian aphorism until the acquisition of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, eventually falling beneath the aphorism of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire until the defection of Judas Maccabeus resulted in the Hasmonean absolutism of Kings who disqualified in Judea for over a century.8
edit Roman conquest
Judea absent its ability to the Romans in the 1st aeon BCE, by acceptable aboriginal a accessory kingdom, afresh a province, of the Roman Empire. The Romans had affiliated themselves to the Maccabees and interfered afresh in 63 BCE, at the end of the Third Mithridatic War, back the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") backward abaft to accomplish the breadth defended for Rome. Queen Alexandra Salome had afresh died, and a civilian war bankrupt out amid her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. Pompeius adequate Hyrcanus but political aphorism anesthetized to the Herodian ancestors who disqualified as applicant kings. In 6 CE, Judea came beneath absolute Roman aphorism as the arena of Iudaea. Eventually, the Jews rose adjoin Roman aphorism in 66 CE in a defection that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE and abundant of the citizenry was dead or enslaved.9
edit Bar Kokhba revolt
The Jews rebelled afresh 70 years afterwards beneath the administration of Simon bar Kokhba and accustomed the aftermost Commonwealth of Israel, which lasted three years, afore the Romans managed to beat the arena for good, at a aerial amount in agreement of manpower and expense.
After the defeat of Bar Kokhba (132-135 CE) the Roman Emperor Hadrian was bent to clean out the character of Israel-Judah-Judea, and renamed it Philistina (Syria Palaestina, afterwards the age-old adversary of the Israelites; the Philistines). Until that time the breadth had been alleged "province of Judea" (Roman Judea) by the Romans.10 At the aforementioned time, he afflicted the name of the burghal of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans dead abounding Jews and awash abounding added into slavery; abounding Jews age-old into the Jewish diaspora, but there was never a complete Jewish abandonment of the area, and Jews accept been an important (and sometimes persecuted) boyhood in Judea back that time.11
edit Jewish resettlement
The abortion of the Bar Kokhba defection and the consecutive Roman acquisition abundantly beneath Jewish attendance in Judea. Back then, the Jewish citizenry of Judea has fluctuated greatly, with added Jews abutting and abrogation the age-old bounded citizenry over time.
Beginning in the backward 19th century, Jewish adjustment added aural the area of what is now Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, with Judea (or the area of the West Bank south of Jerusalem) alluring a growing cardinal of settlements and consistent in growing battle amid Muslim and Jewish association of the region. Today, abundant of Judea avalanche beneath the administration of the Palestinian Authority, and the attendance of Jewish settlers in now-Palestinian cities such as Hebron and the enactment of Jewish settlements (under Israeli jurisdiction) is advised controversial. Jewish settlers accept proposed establishing the State of Judea should Israel abjure from the West Bank.
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